I-UNCTAD iphonononga izinto ezintsonkothileyo ezisemva kokunqongophala okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kwezikhongozeli ezithintela ukubuyiswa korhwebo, kunye nendlela yokuphepha imeko efanayo kwixa elizayo.

 

Xa i-Ever Given megaship ivale itrafikhi kwi-Suez Canal phantse iveki ngo-Matshi, iye yabangela utyando olutsha kwi-container ye-container yokuthuthwa kwempahla, eyathi ekugqibeleni yaqalisa ukuzinza ukusuka kwixesha eliphakamileyo elifikelelweyo ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19.

Iireyithi zokuthumela ngenqanawa yinxalenye enkulu yeendleko zorhwebo, ngoko ke ukunyuka okutsha kubangela umngeni owongezelelekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi njengoko lusilwa ukuchacha kweyona ngxaki imbi yehlabathi ukusukela kuDado olukhulu.

“Isehlo esiNikiweyo sikhumbuze ihlabathi ukuba sithembele kangakanani ekuthuthweni kwenqanawa,” utshilo uJan Hoffmann, intloko yesebe le-UNCTAD lorhwebo kunye nolungiselelo.Malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zeempahla esizityayo zithwalwa ziinqanawa, kodwa silibala ngokulula oku.

Amaxabiso eekhonteyina anempembelelo ethile kurhwebo lwehlabathi, kuba phantse zonke iimpahla ezenziweyo - kubandakanywa iimpahla, amayeza kunye neemveliso zokutya ezicutshungulweyo - zithunyelwa ngeenqanawa.

"Ii-ripples ziya kubetha abathengi abaninzi," utshilo uMnu Hoffmann.“Amashishini amaninzi awazukwazi ukuthwala umthwalo wamaxabiso aphezulu kwaye aya kuwadlulisela kubathengi bawo.”

Umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha we-UNCTAD uvavanya ukuba kutheni amaxabiso empahla enyuka ngexesha lo bhubhani kwaye yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ukunqanda imeko efanayo kwixa elizayo.

 

Ushunqulelo: I-FEU, iyunithi ye-40-foot elinganayo;I-TEU, iyunithi ye-20-foot elinganayo.

Umthombo: Izibalo ze-UNCTAD, ngokusekelwe kwidatha evela kwi-Clarksons Research, i-Shipping Intelligence Network Time Series.

 

Ukunqongophala okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili

Ngokuchaseneyo noko bekulindelwe, imfuno yokuhanjiswa kweekhonteyina ikhulile ngexesha lo bhubhani, ibuyela umva ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ekucothweni kokuqala.

"Utshintsho kwindlela yokuthenga kunye neepatheni zokuthenga ezibangelwe ngubhubhane, kubandakanya ukuqhambuka kurhwebo lwe-elektroniki, kunye namanyathelo okutshixa, eneneni kukhokelele ekonyukeni kwemfuno yokungeniswa kwempahla yabathengi, uninzi lwazo oluhanjiswa kwizingxobo zokuthumela," i-UNCTAD yomgaqo-nkqubo imfutshane ithi.

Ukuhamba korhwebo lwaselwandle kuye kwanda ngakumbi njengoko abanye oorhulumente baye banciphisa ukuvalwa kweendawo kwaye bavuma iipakethe zokuvuselela ilizwe, kunye namashishini ahlala elindele amaza amatsha obhubhane.

"Ukonyuka kwemfuno bekunamandla kunokuba bekulindelwe kwaye akuhlangatyezwanga nomthamo owaneleyo wokuhambisa," inkcazo yomgaqo-nkqubo we-UNCTAD ithi, yongeza ukuba ukunqongophala okulandelayo kwezikhongozeli ezingenanto "akuzange kubonwe ngaphambili."

"Abathwali, amazibuko kunye nabathumeli bothuka bonke," itsho."Iibhokisi ezingenanto zashiywa kwiindawo ezingafunekiyo, kwaye ukubekwa ngokutsha bekungacwangciswanga."

Oyena nobangela unzima kwaye uquka ukutshintsha iipatheni zorhwebo kunye nokungalingani, ulawulo lwezakhono ngabathwali ekuqaleni kwentlekele kunye nokulibaziseka okuqhubekayo okunxulumene ne-COVID-19 kwiindawo zoqhagamshelo lwezothutho, ezifana namazibuko.

Amaxabiso kwimimandla ephuhlayo iyenyuka

Impembelelo kumazinga othutho ibe nkulu kakhulu kwiindlela zorhwebo eziya kwimimandla ephuhlayo, apho abathengi kunye namashishini bangakwaziyo ukuyihlawula.

Sithetha nje, amaxabiso oMzantsi Melika nakwintshona Afrika aphezulu kunawo nawuphi na ummandla worhwebo omkhulu.Ekuqaleni kuka-2021, umzekelo, amaxabiso othutho ukusuka e-China ukuya eMzantsi Melika aye atsiba ngama-443% xa kuthelekiswa nama-63% kwindlela ephakathi kwe-Asiya kunye nonxweme olusempuma loMntla Melika.

Inxalenye yengcaciso ilele kwinto yokuba iindlela ezisuka eTshayina ukuya kumazwe akuMzantsi Merika naseAfrika zihlala zinde.Iinqanawa ezininzi ziyafuneka kwinkonzo yeveki nganye kwezi ndlela, okuthetha ukuba izikhongozeli ezininzi nazo “zixingile” kwezi ndlela.

"Xa izitya ezingenanto zinqabile, umntu ongenisa ngaphandle eBrazil okanye eNigeria kufuneka ahlawule kungekuphela nje ukuthuthwa kwesitya esigcweleyo kodwa kunye neendleko zokubamba iimpahla zesikhongozeli esingenanto," inkcazo yomgaqo-nkqubo ithi.

Enye into kukunqongophala kwempahla ebuyayo.Amazwe aseMzantsi Melika kunye nasentshona Afrika angenisa iimpahla ezenziweyo ngaphezulu kunezithumela ngaphandle, kwaye kuyabiza kakhulu ukuba abathwali babuyisele iibhokisi ezingenanto eTshayina kwiindlela ezinde.

Indlela yokuphepha ukunqongophala kwixesha elizayo

Ukunceda ukunciphisa ukuba nokwenzeka kwemeko efanayo kwixesha elizayo, ingcaciso yomgaqo-nkqubo we-UNCTAD igxininisa imiba emithathu efuna ingqwalasela: ukuqhubela phambili uhlengahlengiso lokuququzelela urhwebo, ukuphucula umkhondo worhwebo lwaselwandle kunye nokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, kunye nokomeleza amagunya okhuphiswano kazwelonke.

Okokuqala, abaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka baphumeze uhlenga-hlengiso zokwenza urhwebo lube lula kwaye lungabiziindleko, uninzi lwazo lufakwe kwiSivumelwano soNxibelelwano soRhwebo seWorld Trade Organisation.

Ngokunciphisa unxibelelwano lomzimba phakathi kwabasebenzi kwishishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa, olo hlengahlengiso, oluxhomekeke ekuphuculeni iinkqubo zorhwebo, luyakwenza ukuba amakhonkco obonelelo axhathise ngakumbi kwaye akhusele abasebenzi ngcono.

Kungekudala emva kokuba i-COVID-19 ihlasele, i-UNCTAD ibonelele ngesicwangciso esinamanqaku ali-10 ukugcina iinqanawa zihamba, amazibuko evulekile kunye norhwebo luhamba ngexesha lo bhubhani.

Lo mbutho uphinde wadibanisa imikhosi kunye neekomishoni zengingqi ze-UN ukunceda amazwe asaphuhlayo ukuba akhawulezise uhlengahlengiso olunjalo kwaye ajongane nemingeni yorhwebo kunye nezothutho ebonakaliswe ngubhubhane.

Okwesibini, abaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka bakhuthaze ukungafihli kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano ecaleni kwekhonkco lonikezelo lwaselwandle ukuze kuphuculwe indlela iminxeba yamazibuko kunye neeshedyuli zombane ezibekwe esweni.

Kwaye oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise abasemagunyeni bokhuphiswano banemithombo kunye nobuchule obufunekayo ukuphanda izenzo ezinokuthi zibe gwenxa kushishino lokuthumela ngenqanawa.

Nangona imeko yokuphazamiseka kobhubhane isembindini wokunqongophala kwesikhongozeli, izicwangciso ezithile zabathwali zinokulibazisa ukubekwa ngokutsha kwezikhongozeli ekuqaleni kwengxaki.

Ukubonelela ngoqwalaselo oluyimfuneko kulucelomngeni olukhulu kubasemagunyeni kumazwe asaphuhlayo, abadla ngokuswela izixhobo kunye nobuchule bokuhambisa iikhonteyina zamazwe ngamazwe.